English may have more vocabulary than any other language, but that doesn’t mean it has a word for everything. Every language has words and expressions that are unique and very difficult or impossible to translate into another language. The Eskimos, contrary to popular legend, do NOT really have fifty words for snow, but German gemütlich takes several words to explain in English: cozy, comfortable, warm, inviting, and hospitable. Sometimes these words or expressions are adopted wholesale into another language — Kindergarten and Gesundheit (health), for example, from German into English. But more often the word is just unknown in other languages. German is a rich language that has words and turns of phrases that have no equal in English. (The reverse is just as true, of course.)

German makes certain distinctions that English does not. For English “to know” German has two words, each reflecting the difference between knowing something through understanding (wissen) and knowing something through recognition (kennen). A German can also understand immediately from the use of one of two distinct verbs whether an object has been “put” on a surface in a standing (stellen) or a lying (legen) position. When it comes to eating, animals and humans in German have two different words: fressen is used for non-humans, while people essen.

Some German expressions, such as Schadenfreude (a malicious pleasure or gloating over another’s misfortune), don’t really have an English equivalent. (“Crocodile tears” — Krokodiltränen — aren’t really the same thing.) The adjective überfragt (lit., “over-asked,” as in “Da bin ich überfragt.” – You’ve got me there. I don’t have the answer.) has no one-word English equivalent either.

German language-learning tip

Try not to think in English when you are speaking or writing German. Especially with slang or idioms, but also in many other situations, this is the one thing that leads to the most trouble. If you are translating in order to write or speak, then something is wrong. Translation should only be used when you are learning or can’t make it on your own in German. You don’t really know German until you can hear it in your head.

When you start learning German, sooner or later you might get to the point where you ask yourself: Why am I learning German at all? Sure, there are thousands of rules to consider, many tongue twisters and an infinite number of discouraging vocabulary to learn. However, we want to show you that all the hard work pays off because:

– German is the most widely spoken language in Europe.

– German is one of the most commonly used languages on the Internet. In fact, Germany’s top-level country domain “.de” is second only to the extension .com.

– German is no harder to learn to speak and write than other languages.

 – in many countries, Germans account for the largest percentage of tourists. So, if you are working in the tourist industry, it is really important to have knowledge of German language.

– German is the second most frequently used language in which to write a work of scientific research, especially engineering, chemistry and physics.

– German is also important in music. The best schools of music are in Germany and Austria.

– you will improve business relationships. Germany has the 3rd strongest economy and is the #1 export nation in the world.

– learning German is important for higher education; it is the most commonly recommended language for most universities.

– by learning German you will also learn more about origin and meaning of many English words (see Language Borrowings).

Reflecting the history of the area in which it is spoken, German is a language of great regional diversity. The area we now call Austria, Germany, and Switzerland was once a bewildering jungle of separate kingdoms, principalities and duchies. So too, the German language; even today it remains a jumble of dialects and linguistic variations stretching from the Danish border to northern Italy (the region of Südtirol in German or Alto Adige in Italian).

Even though the driving distance between them is only 365 miles, the German spoken by a Berliner is worlds apart from the German spoken by a Bavarian in Munich. Swiss German, Schwyzerdütsch, is Chinese to the ears of someone from Düsseldorf. The regional dialects of Austria, a country no larger than Maine, are like dozens of different languages, making it difficult for a Viennese to understand an Innsbrucker. The only way any of these various German-speakers are able to communicate is through a relatively standardized form of German known as Hochdeutsch, or High German. The hoch in Hochdeutsch refers to a topographically higher region, relative to the lower (nieder) or flat (platt) regions of northern Germany. The term “High German” does not imply any superiority to “Low German”—the only differences are geographic and linguistic. Plattdeutsch or Niederdeutsch come from the low lands.

Ironically, in the last 10 to 15 years there has been a conscious effort to preserve local and regional dialects in the German-speaking world. Many news publications and works of poetry and literature have sprung up in dialect form. Even some dialects that had no real written form can now be seen in print. Singers and musical groups, from rock to traditional, have also released albums and songs in various German dialects. Many Austrians, Swiss, and Germans have a renewed pride in their own unique dialect. They see Hochdeutsch as useful and necessary, but they don’t want to see their own regional cultural identity fade into a uniform, boring sameness.

If you only know a few words of German, having the ability to be polite will make those few words go a lot farther because people will appreciate your effort to be courteous and respectful in their language. Below you’ll find a collection of common, everyday German greetings (Grüße) and courtesies (Nettigkeiten). Be aware that German makes a clear distinction between formal and familiar forms of expression (Sie = formal form and du / first name = familiar form). Phrases marked “familiar” or “casual” should only be used in informal, first-name situations.

Everyday Pleasantries

Guten Tag!  / Tag! –> Hello! / Hi!

Grüß Gott! –> Hello! (southern Germany & Austria)

Grüß dich! –> Hello! (familiar, informal)

Guten Morgen! – Morgen! –> Good morning! – Morning!

Guten Abend! –> Good evening!

Gute Nacht! –> Good night!

Wie geht es Ihnen? –> How are you?

Wie geht’s? –> How are you? (familiar, informal)

Danke, gut. –> Fine, thanks.

Sehr gut. –> Great.

Es geht. –> Okay. So-so.

Nicht so gut. –> Not so well.

Auf Wiedersehen. –> Good-bye.

Tschüs! –> Bye! See you later. (casual)

Requests

Was möchten Sie? –> What would you like?

Ich möchte… –> I would like…

Darf ich? –> May I?

Können Sie mir helfen? –> Can you help me?

Yes/No – Thanks – You’re Welcome

Bitte! – Ja, bitte! –> Please! – Yes, please!

Danke! –> Thanks! – No thanks!

Danke schön! –> Thank you!

Vielen Dank! –> Thanks a lot! – Many thanks!

Bitte schön! –> You’re welcome! (in response to Danke schön!)

Nein, danke! –> No thanks!

“Say thank you!” is what your parents always reminded you to say. While you may were annoyed by it as a child, today it happens many times in life that you wish to thank someone, appreciate someone’s gift or express your gratitude towards someone.

To say “thank you” in German, the simple word Danke will do the job. However, as in English, there are many variations and styles of expressing thanks in German. Here is a look at ten ways to say “thank you” – plus some related German words and expressions for expressing your gratitude.

1. Danke! – Thanks! Thank you.

Note: If you say “Danke!” in response to an offer, it may be understood as “no thanks.” To say “thanks, yes” use “Bitte!” (please).

2. Danke schön! – Thank you! Hear it!

Another variation: Danke sehr! Thank you very much!

3. Tausend Dank! – A thousand thanks! Thanks very much!

4. Danke vielmals! – Many thanks!

5. Recht schönen Dank! – Many thanks!

6. Ich danke Ihnen/dir! – I thank you!

7. Ich bin (Ihnen/dir) sehr dankbar für… – I’m very grateful (to you) for…

8. Haben Sie vielen Dank! – Many thanks!

9. Vielen Dank! – Many thanks! Hear it!

Some similar forms: Besten Dank! Best thanks!; Herzlichen Dank! Heartfelt thanks!; Schönen Dank! Many thanks!

10. Mit tiefer Dankbarkeit! – With deep gratitude!

When you learn a language it is certainly of interest to know where it is spoken. The chart below shows where in the world German is spoken and how many people speak it.

German is the Dominant Language in

– Germany – 82.7 million

– Austria – 8.1 million

– Switzerland – 4.6 million (The rest of Switzerland’s 7.2 million citizens speak French, Italian and Romansh)

– Liechtenstein – 32,000

German has Official Status in

– Luxembourg – 400,000

– Italy (Bolzano/Südtirol) – 200,000

– Belgium – 70,000

German is Regional/Minority Language in

– Former Soviet Union – 1.9 million

– France (Alsatian) – 1.5 million

– Poland (Silesia) – 500,000 (400,000)

– Romania – 150,000

– Hungary – 62,000

– Czech Republic – 50,000

– Denmark – 35,000

– Slovakia – 15,000

Other Areas: There are also minority groups of German dialect speakers found in certain areas of North America (Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, etc.), in Kazakhstan, Namibia (former German Southwest Africa), Argentina, Paraguay, and other non-European regions.

Note: Unless noted otherwise, the figures above are based on population estimates for the year 2000. Sources include The New York Times Almanac, The World Almanac and Book of Facts (World Almanac Books), Deutsche Welle and Ethnologue.com.

Except for the national holiday (German Unity Day), public holidays in Germany (gesetzliche Feiertage) are determined by the federal states and can thereby vary or not considered as holidays at all on some states.

The most important public holidays are:

Carnival Monday – “Rose Monday” – is a holiday in some towns and cities in Catholic western and southern Germany which have a strong Carnival tradition as Cologne for example, which is famous for its Carnival festival.

Furthermore, there are several holidays which do not count to the national holidays (see above) but are rather “unofficially” celebrated:

Learning a new language has a lot to do with learning to make mistakes. And what is the point of making mistakes? Right, to learn out of them! When learning German there are unfortunately many more mistakes you can make than the ten we listed below. However, we want to concentrate on the top ten kinds of mistakes that beginning learners of German are likely to make:

1. Grammatical Gender: It’s not always easy to tell the gender of German nouns since every noun in German is either der, die, or das, you need to learn each noun with its gender.

2. ‘Sie’ and ‘Du’ – ‘You’ in German: Learning to use and differentiate between ‘Sie’ (formal form) and ‘du’ (familiar form) for the English word ‘you’ can be tough.

3. Plural forms of German nouns: In German there are 8 different endings to mark the plural of a noun.

4. Case: Very confusing issues for learners of German are the 4 different cases Nominative, Accusative, Dative and Genitive that also put different endings on articles and adjectives. When der changes to den or dem, it does so for a reason. That reason is the same one that makes the pronoun “he” change to “him” in English (or er to ihn in German).

5. Word order: German syntax is more flexible than English syntax and depends more on case (see above). For example, in German, the subject may not always come first in a sentence.

6. Prepositions: German and English often use different prepositions for similar idioms or expressions, e.g. in English you take medicine “for” something, in German “gegen” – “against” – something.

7. Umlauts: German “Umlauts” (Umlaute in German) can lead to problems for beginners. Since only a, o, and u can have an umlaut (ä, ö, ü), those are the vowels to be aware of because they can also change meanings of words, as for example zahlen means to “pay” in German but zählen means to “count.”

8. Punctuation in Contractions: German punctuation and the use of the apostrophe is often different than in English. German uses contractions in many common expressions, some of which use an apostrophe (“Wie geht’s?” from “Wie geht es dir?”) and some of which do not (“zum Rathaus” from “zu dem Rathaus”). Contractions such as am (“an dem”), ans (“an das”), ins (“in das”), or im (“in dem”) can be possible pitfalls.

9. Capitalization: German is the only modern language that requires the capitalization of all nouns, but there are also other potential problems, for example with hazards or adjectives of nationality that are not capitalized in German as they are in English.

10. Verbs with “haben” oder “sein”: In English, the present perfect is always formed with the helping verb “have.” German verbs in the conversational past (present/past perfect) can use either haben (have) or sein (be) with the past participle.